The spivak pronouns were developed by mathematician Michael Spivak for use in his books. They are the most simplistic of the gender neutral pronouns (others being "neuter" and "splat") and can be easily integrated into writing. They should be used in a generic setting where the gender of the person referred to is unknown, such as "the reader." They can also be used to describe a specific individual who has chosen not to identify emself with the traditional masculine (male) or feminine (female) gender. The spivak pronouns are E - subjective Em - objective Eir - possessive (adjective) Eirs - possessive (noun) Emself - reflexive